Friday, December 5, 2014

Blog 21 The Battle of Cannae: Hannibal’s Greatest Victory

So for my blog I reviewed a book that my prof recommended during a meeting with him. The other two were Carthage Must Be Destroyed and Fall of Carthage both of which were excellent. The book I am reviewing is The Battle of Cannae: Hannibal’s Greatest Victory by Mark Healy. Keeping up with the theme of my other blog reviews I cannot find a thesis  or argument that the author is offering which yet again makes the whole review thing difficult.  So I just have to go with a critique of the info within the book.  Perhaps it’s because I am a visual learner but I like this even though this is not the most academically focused book.  If I wrote history books, honestly, I would not necessarily write  for an academic audience; it would be for average people (just look at the tone and word choice of my blog).
Honestly this helped me understand things in a visual context. The part about Cannae is rather good at displaying what the battle lines looked like. With just words it’s sort of difficult to imagine how Hannibal set up his lines to counter the Roman battle force. However with the visuals it very easy to understand Hannibal’s strategy and battle plans.
In terms of negative I noticed that on a diagram of Hannibal’s family that Mago was not listed as dead which is a minor thing but could have been put  there. Although I really shouldn’t fault a book for this but it’s odd that it just sort of ends with Cannae. I understand Cannae is the main focus of the book but there is a decent amount of time used on Trebia and Lake Trasimene. So it is just sort of weird not having anything about the conclusion. 
As with all the books about the Second Punic War unfortunately in terms of historians we only have Polybius and Livy. Livy lived too far away from the events to be considered entirely accurate. Polybius, on the other hand, lived decently close to the events but he is not exactly the most impartial writer to say the least.  I mean I am just as guilty being that I relied heavily on them because that’s pretty much all we have for this time period.
Some interesting pieces of information that I found within this book were that the Roman army wasn’t exactly a professional fighting force.  We mostly get the image from the future Roman Empire. But these soldiers were peasants and farmers (Plebeians). [1]Something great in this book is that it questions whether or not Varro is actually this vain incompetent commander that Polybius and Livy argue that he is.  Healy goes a step further and says that it may have even been Paullus that lead the Roman army out into the field that day[2].  Furthermore Healy says that even though the old texts play it off as if Paullus and Varro were enemies he states that it seems that they may have had the same strategy.[3] All of this is really interesting and only hurt by the fact that Healy doesn't show his sources. Yet again this isn’t a very academically inclined book but it was rather interesting and it addressed troubles I have had with others. It’s a good read and you will learn a lot.



[1] Healy, Mark 33
[2] Healy, Mark 70
[3] Healy, Mark 71

Blog 20 Hannibal: The Makers of History

Now for my second book review for this blog.  Perhaps I have been spoiled by  most of the historical monographs that I read for class but most seem to just tell they their thesis and or argument within it. The books I have been reading for this project have not been that nice. Hannibal: Makers of History by Jacob Abbott does not appear to have a thesis or perhaps I missed something.  In the preface Abbott basically says that he is attempting to just to give the truth about the subject (Hannibal Barca) without embellishment of deviations. This felt weird because most history books are attempting to do that.  Most history books are simply trying to separate history from folklore and legend. So his purpose is that he is just telling what really happened and it’s only truth. I may be just a sophomore history major but I think that saying that my interpretation is strictly the truth seems presumptuous.  History has a lot of interpretation so claiming that yours is correct is just something that bothers me.  History is our best guess of the past with some of your own logic and reasoning added to it.  We try to be scientific with our evidence and understand but that is almost impossible. So the claim that a book is exactly what happened is not right to this history major. Finding absolute truth of what happened in history is probably impossible.
Further proving my previous point, Abbott described both Flaminus and Sempronius ardent, self-confident and vain[1]. As with most of the info coming from this time period, this description comes from Polybius and Livy. Polybius, as I have mentioned many times before, was in the employment of the household of Scipio. He most likely made everyone that’s related to Scipio look good and everyone that wasn’t vain and incompetent.  So for a book claiming that it is objective truth on the subject I find it a bit suspect to not bring that up at all. Abbott also claimed that he wasn’t making this history based on narratives of the past but he is going with Polybius’s story here.  In fairness that’s pretty much all we have but this is upsetting. Perhaps I am being too critical here but the claim that a book is objective truth and I find something subjective within it makes me distrust it. However, when it came to Varro he still bought into the Polybius story but also had dialogue of people talking about him making it more believable.[2]  So in that regard, he is still not addressing the issue but arguing that it’s true using other evidence which is great and a good thing to do. Also I heavily used Polybius for my blog which sort of makes me a hypocrite. However I brought up that some things that Polybius says may be inaccurate or historical white washing. I have adopted Goldsworthy’s perspective that most Roman commanders would have made the same decisions as Varro Flaminus and Sempronius because that’s how the Romans fought. They were used to direct confrontations and not these clever tactics. Sure all these commanders failed but they also are conveniently not related to the household of Scipio which is too much of coincidence to not address. Overall this book is not bad even though I am criticizing it a lot in the review. It’s well written and researched and in that regard it’s pretty good. But it just has a few things that bothered me.



[1] 73
[2] 85

Blog 19 Hannibal: The military Biography of Rome’s Greatest Enemy.

            As part of my blog’s assignment I am to read three monographs about my subject and write book reviews about them. So for the first blog of this kind I am reading Hannibal: The Military Biography of Rome’s Greatest Enemy by Richard A. Gabriel.  As the name suggests, it is a biography which is a new kind of review for me. A biography usually doesn't have an argument or a thesis and that’s what most of a book review is about. I am sort at a loss for how to review it.
            The other part of a book review is critique of the author’s work so I guess this will mostly focus on that. To start on that, the opening chapter brings up the fact that Carthage had a religion that had the practice of child sacrifice being that there religion descended from Baal worship. Richard Miles, the author of Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an
Ancient Civilization, similarly dealt with this subject as it dealt with Carthage as a whole and unique culture. True, Carthage was a religious society of the ancient world, t however I personally felt this was out of place to the subject matter. It did sort of set the stage for the legendary sacrifice where Hannibal swore to never be a friend to Rome.  Overall this felt like a tangent that started the book so that seemed rather strange that the first section of the first chapter didn’t have much to do with the main subject was not having to with the main subject.
            An interesting point that Gabriel brought up was why the Carthaginians didn’t have a navy. According to Gabriel, it was because the Barcid faction, which was in power at the time, had no interest in making a navy.  The main reasoning was because Hannibal, Mago, Hasdrubal, and Hamilcar had no particular naval experience. This seems logical but it seems like there is more there. Carthage went from being the naval power of the world to not building a new fleet till after the Second Punic War started. Obviously this is speculation on the part of Gabriel but I find his answer to why the Carthaginians did not build a new navy unsatisfactory personally. Do I have the answers to these questions? Definitely not but I think my point still stands.
 Perhaps the thing that I found the most interesting is that he did several calculations to figure out the logistics of Hannibal’s Alpine Adventure.  According to his calculations Hannibal would have needed over 50,000 pack animals. The more insane idea is that according to his estimates the Carthaginian column would be around 100 miles.
Another interesting point that perhaps I didn’t think of and didn’t add to the blogs was that perhaps Hannibal lost due to his Hellenistic education. As I mentioned before, Rome’s strict refusal to give up won them the war but that was rather uncommon for the Hellenized world.  After a major military loss you surrendered, agreed to terms, and go on your merry way. So overall the book was rather interesting but had a few points where it went off on a tangent.  It was pretty good but not the reading I would go to the most.

(I read a kindle version of this so I don’t have page citations. Not sure what to do about that because it doesn’t list a page)

Monday, December 1, 2014

Blog 18 Conclusion, Reflection, and Perspective

Similarly to the First Punic War, Carthage got a pretty raw deal.  Carthage was forbidden from expanding outside of Africa. They had to pay nearly ten times the amount of the treaty of the first war over 50 years[1].  Furthermore they had to hand over all their elephants and reduce their fleet to just 10 warships.[2] Under Masinissa, the Numidians formed a kingdom and he was their first king. A significant portion of Carthage’s territory was taken by the Numidians. They needed Rome’s permission to fight in Africa. So Carthage was humiliated and crushed by the Romans.   Many years later in 146 BCE, Scipio’s adoptive grandson finished his family’s work and destroyed the city of Carthage itself,  ending the Carthaginian Empire and all its work.
I am on a family business trip.
            But how did Rome win? I mean I talked for about half of this blog about how Hannibal was crushing the Romans at every turn. You see, the Second Punic War is sort of defined by what didn't happen.  After the disastrous first two years of the war, there wasn't a major military clash in Italy like what previously happened. For ten years the war dragged on but if you notice most of these blogs are focused on the beginning and the end. The middle of the war was a battle of wits and not really of arms. There were battles but  they were much smaller.  
            More of a direct answer to why did Rome win could be the commanders. Fabius was a brilliant commander and the adoption of his strategy toward the end may have won them the day.  Scipio also denied Hannibal support from Barcid Spain. Furthermore the fact that Roman commanders could easily switch around commanders because   everyone in the army were Italians certainly helped. The Carthaginian forces were loyal to the generals, not really the Empire. However the thing that I think helped the Romans the most was one thing; the refusal to give in. Each one of Hannibal’s victories in the early war would have brought a nation to its knees, but the Romans flat refusal to surrender in the long run won them the war. If they gave up then, Spain would have been Barcid still. Syracuse would not be Roman. They would have lost Illyria most likely. Sardinia and Sicily would most likely be returned to Carthage. Rome would not be a power today if they did give in.
            So what does this mean for people today?   Personally I see echoes of this in the future mostly from Germany. A nation that goes to war with initial success then loses. Has several restriction placed on it from an unfair treaty. A charismatic leader rises and wishes to bring pride back to his people after a humiliation.  Already expanding into new areas they make war on the wrong person and bring in a superpower. The war is far more costly than its predecessor with more troops involved and a lot more death.  Yet again they have much success with quick invasions but after a while they begin to lose. Then they are defeated and have their nation broken.  So the parallel seems reasonable.  So maybe people can take away that you shouldn't punish a defeated foe that much for it sows the seeds of future conflicts.
Minus this guy.
553 words




[1] Miles 317
[2] Livy 30.35

Blog 17 Africa

Young Scipio Jr now returned to Rome after successfully defeating and conquering Barcid Spain. Unsurprisingly he was met with great celebration for his victory. However the war wasn’t over. Hannibal was still in Italy and Carthage still had forces within Africa.  So Scipio decided that he was going to lead an invasion into Africa to defeat the Carthaginians on their own lands. So after a year of training and recruitment, Scipio led his land invasion of Africa. Surprisingly Scipio’s invasion was unmolested by the Carthaginian navy.[1]
             Scipio also found an unlikely ally when he landed. The Numidians were made up of several tribes and one of the tribal leaders, Masinissa, had pledged to join the Romans. Masinissa saw that the Romans were winning and Scipio supported his claim as a Numidian king.  So those Numidian cavalry that the Carthaginians used to mop up the Romans? Rome now had those.  However the Numidians weren’t united under Masinissa as another tribal leader, Syphax, was with the Carthaginians. The Numidian camp was made from flammable material and the Romans sent a force to burn the Numidian camp. It was very successful and the Numidians were either burned to death or killed by the raiders.[2] Immediately after that Scipio did the same thing to the Carthaginian camp and it was pretty much a repeat of the previous raid. Adding insult to injury, the Roman forces of Scipio completely routed forces of Syphax and Hasdrubal Gisco in a later battle.  The Africa campaign was going very well for the Romans. 
Numidian Horseman.
            The Carthaginian senate was panicking now. Their armies were destroyed, Syphax was captured, and more Numidians came over to Scipio’s side. This was basically the equivalent of what happened to the Romans near the beginning of the war. So they had no choice left, they had to recall Hannibal.[3] It must have be devastating for Hannibal. He had been fighting in Rome for 10 years now and for nothing. Hannibal then returns to Africa and during the journey his brother Mago dies.
            So here comes the dramatic conclusion of the war. The meeting of the two great generals, Scipio and Hannibal.  The two met for a peace discussion which the treaty was not that bad for the Carthaginians. The two had mutual admiration of each other but the treaty fell through. So the Second Punic War’s final chapter would end like the first, with bloodshed.[4]
            Carthage still believed that Hannibal was invincible so they were hopeful. The Carthaginians gathered citizens, mercenaries, and most importantly Hannibal’s veterans of Italy. The Battle of Zama began with 80 elephants charging the Roman lines which the Romans opened their lines to let them pass.  This was effective and the elephants were killed. The main battle began and at one point it looked like Hannibal would win the day but then the Roman cavalry defeated his own and attacked his rear. Ultimately the Romans defeated the Carthaginian army and with that the war was over. Hannibal had finally lost a battle and also the war.[5] The Second Punic War ended much like the first with Rome defeating Carthage after initial successes on Carthage’s part. So what happened after the war? Find out in the next blog.
Well that would be terrifying to see charge at you.
546 words




[1] Miles, 308
[2] Livy 29.28
[3] Livy 30.3
[4] Livy, 30.29
[5] Livy 30.32

Blog 16 Rome Digs Itself Out

So at this point Rome is losing on all fronts besides Spain.  Now Rome had a major shift in strategic thinking. Rome decided that in order to defeat Hannibal they could only score minor victories at best. So by adopting the Fabian strategy, they tried to only fight Hannibal when they had the advantage. They continued to attack his scouts and foraging parties. Slowly over the years they weakened Hannibal’s numbers and total strength.  The Roman army was moving in much smaller numbers but overall they had more troops. They kept denying Hannibal the fight that he wanted so badly and keep blocking his movements.
            Another morale booster came from Sicily. Not only had the Carthaginian army in the region been utterly destroyed by disease but the siege of Syracuse was going well.[1] The Roman army had broken the walls of Syracuse and were now slaughtering its people.[2] According to ancient accounts, Archimedes was doing a math proof in the dirt when the Romans came up to him. He simply told them, “Don’t disturb the equation.”  The Romans killed poor Archimedes even though they were under strict orders from their commander that he was to be sparred. So with that, the Sicilian front was finished and Rome was victorious. All the remaining Carthaginian forces left the island to North Africa.

Archimedes is so cool.
            Hannibal needing more forces after years in Italy so he asked for his brothers Mago and Hasdrubal to come with reinforcements.  However young Scipio Jr. had defeated Mago’s army and delayed Hasdrubal. Mago managed to sail back with a small force but Hasdrubal was taking the Alpine pass that Hannibal had taken to get to northern Italy. He got there significantly faster because the Gauls feared Hannibal now and the engineering projects used a decade earlier by Hannibal were still there.   So Hasdrubal arrived in north Italy and Hannibal must have been pretty happy. With the combined might of Hannibal and Hasdrubal’s forces the Romans most likely couldn’t have defeated him.  Hasdrubal sent Hannibal a message saying that their armies would met in south Umbria.  However the messenger was captured by the Romans and they learned of Hasdrubal’s plan.  Claudius Nero, who was the consul at this time, found the battle plans and he marched up north to help his co-consul Marcus Salinator that was in northern Italy.[3] Hasdrubal was camped close to the Roman army when he heard trumpets sounding that an important person had arrived. He concluded that he was fighting two Roman armies now. Hasdrubal retreated to the Metaurus River.[4] There he and the Romans clashed. Unfortunately many of the Gauls in the Carthaginian camp were drunk so they were no use.  Initially Hasdrubal’s elephants spread chaos through the Roman ranks but the Roman cavalry defeated the Carthaginians. The cavalry rode into the Hasdrubal’s ranks and he was forced to retreat. Hasdrubal, not wanting to be captured, charged into the Roman forces and met his end fighting his sworn enemies[5]

Died in cool way at least.
            And with that Hannibal’s hopes of defeating the Romans died with his brother. He no longer had the forces to fight the Romans. The Carthaginian navy couldn’t supply him with new forces. Hannibal was now the one that was on his knees. The Greek and Italian cities in the south of Italy were either retaken by Rome or rejoined. The Romans managed to defeat Carthage on three fronts now but there was one to go.
580 words




[1] Livy 25.27
[2] Polybius 8.37
[3] Livy, 27.46
[4] Appian, 52
[5] Livy, 27.49

Blog 15 Barcid Spain


 Remember that Roman army that went to Spain like 10 blogs ago? Neither do I! But in all seriousness, the Roman army in Iberia was doing fairly well at the beginning. So remember that first Cornelius Scipio the one that was a consul. Well he ended up in Spain with his brother fighting the Iberians.  So Scipio divided his forces into three parts to accomplish three different goals. So Scipio attempted a night attack on the Carthaginians. At first he was successful but then he was attacked by the armies of Mago (Hannibal’s brother) and Hasdrubel Gisco. His army was destroyed and he died. His brother met a similar fate when three armies of Carthaginians came to fight him including Mago, Hasdrubel Gisco and Hasdrubel Barca (also Hannibal’s brother) and he died along with most of his troops. So by 211 BC, the entire Spainish force was basically gone[1].
The senate wanted to retry taking Spain but no one wanted to go to Spain.  Enter the 25 year old Cornelius Scipio junior.  He wanted to be sent to Spain and he was given the consulship even though he didn’t meet the age requirements[2]. So 10,000 troops with Scipio were sent to Spain where  Scipio found what was left of the Roman army there and absorbed them into his forces.
Scipio realized that he was doing no good by hinding in northern Spain. He came up with an idea to siege the city of New Carthage in Spain. He told none of his officers this till they sailed there. The Carthaginians were completely unprepared for this siege. Now New Carthage was located on an isthmus surrounded by a lagoon so there was only one way to assault the city. He tried to assault the city from the main gate but he was repelled.  Apparently a local fisherman told him that the lagoon would empty around evening. So Scipio told 500 of his troops  to wait on the other edge of the lagoon and he didn’t tell his troops about the emptying ahead of time because he wanted it to seem like the gods favored him.[3] The lagoon started to empty and the 500 men charged the walls of New Carthage with ladders[4]. The strike force surprised the defenders, opened the main gates and New Carthage fell. 
Lagoons to the right
Hasdrubal Barca, however, was preparing to take the same route as Hannibal and go to Italy. Scipio managed to slow down Hasdrubal’s progress.  Scipio eventually met the armies of Mago Barca. Over several days the Roman and Carthaginian armies would mobilize, look at each other because neither wanted to make the first move, and then go back to camp. Then Scipio sent his cavalry to attack at dawn. The Carthaginian army didn’t have time to eat and formed its battle lines to counter how Scipio had prepared them the last couple of days. Except this time Scipio changed his lines. Previously the Roman legionaries armies and Carthaginian soldiers had been parallel. [5]But now the legionaries faced the half trained Iberians on the flank. Scipio scored a massive victory losing only 7000 troops and killing or capturing 48,000 enemy troops. This was the end for Barcid Spain. Hannibal’s homeland was taken from him. This is the turning point of the war.

Previous Day




[1] Livy 25.32-36
[2] Livy 26.17
[3] Polybius 10.12
[4] Polybius  10.14
[5] Goldsworthy 279-285